How did china view foreigners in the 18th century?

In the 18th century, China viewed foreigners with a mix of curiOSity and suspicion. The Qing Dynasty maintained a primarily isolationist stance, seeing foreign nations as potential threats to its sovereignty and cultural integrity. Trade was allowed through limited channels, such as the Canton System, but foreigners were often regarded as inferior and their customs as barbaric. This perspective was rooted in a strong sense of cultural superiority and a belief in the centrality of Chinese civilization.