Are The chants of the church used only the major and minor scale patterns found in later music?

No. As a matter of fact the traditional Christian chants (known as Gregorian Chant) happened mostly from the 5th to 13th centuries, before the major/minor system had even been developed. So, the melodies use different MODES... not scales. We have similar modes today that are used by jazz musicians like the Dorian, Phrygian and Aeolian modes, which can be looked at as rotations of the major scale. (ex. the Dorian mode is the Major scale starting on "re", the Phrygian mode is the scale starting on "mi")

Back then, they had similar modes with various names. If we compare them to our present major/minor system we find that most of those melodies use the darker modes (more minor-ish modes) like the Phrygian and Hyper-Locrian. The more earlier chants were written with 6 note "scales" called HEXACHORDS, which were basically 6 note modes (mostly with a minorish feel, as well).

The major/minor system didn't start influencing music until the 14th to 15th centuries, by which time polyphony was being developed and writing unison plainsong chants had mostly died out. This led to the development of harmony in the 16th century which is when the Major and Minor scales and keys took over.