What are steep clifts are carved out by?

Steep cliffs are typically carved out by the processes of erosion and weathering, primarily due to the action of water, wind, and ice. Rivers can cut through rock layers over time, creating vertical faces, while waves continuously batter coastal cliffs, leading to their gradual retreat. Additionally, glacial activity can also shape cliffs by scraping and grinding rock surfaces. These natural processes result in the dramatic formations we often see in mountainous and coastal regions.