How does non volatile memory works?

Non-volatile memory (NVM) retains stored data even when power is turned off, unlike volatile memory, which loses data when power is lost. It operates by using various technologies such as flash memory, magnetic storage, or phase change materials, which allow for the storage of data in a stable state. In flash memory, for example, data is stored in cells made from floating-gate transistors that can trap electrons, representing binary information. This ability to maintain data without a power supply makes NVM essential for devices like SSDs and USB drives.