What are the two ways that the temperature inside spacecraft is kept at a safe level for the crew upon re-entry?

During re-entry, the temperature inside spacecraft is maintained at a safe level primarily through the use of thermal protection systems (TPS), such as heat shields that absorb and dissipate the intense heat generated by atmospheric friction. Additionally, active cooling systems, which can include radiative cooling or the circulation of coolant fluids, help manage internal temperatures. Together, these methods ensure that the crew remains safe from extreme temperatures during the critical re-entry phase.