How can the environmental impacts of using renewable and nonrenewable resources differ?

They differ because of their effects. Using renewable energy (solar, wind, water, hydro, tidal and wave, geothermal, ocean thermal, biomass and biofuel) releases no carbon dioxide emissions (which are causing global warming).

Using non-renewable resources, like fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas), directly contribute to global warming which will cause untold damage to our environment if we can't stop it.