During extinction an instrumental behavior may initially increase as the result of a failure of the dog to obey the new instruction an extinction burst temporary defiance or punishment resistance?

Neither. It's basic frustration, not defiance. When your TV stops working, and it has always worked before, you push the buttons to make it work. Then you push them again. And again. And maybe you push them harder, and maybe you hit the TV because you're just sure this has always worked in the past. That's an extinction burst. As far as punishment or punishment resistance goes, there's no punishment involved in an extinction burst. It's simply the end of positive reinforcement resulting in frustration. Eventually you give up and get a new TV or get the old one fixed.