How does operating system provides a stable and consistent way for application to deal with hardware without having to know the details of the hardware?

Operating systems provide a stable and consistent interface through abstractions such as system calls, device drivers, and APIs, which allow applications to interact with hardware without needing to understand its specific details. By managing hardware resources and providing a layer of abstraction, the OS ensures that applications can access hardware capabilities uniformly, regardless of the underlying hardware configuration. This encapsulation simplifies programming and enhances portability, as developers can write applications that run on different hardware platforms without modification. Additionally, the OS handles hardware communication and resource management, improving stability and reliability for applications.