What is the difference between a miscarriage of justice and an exoneration?

A miscarriage of justice refers to the wrongful conviction or punishment of an innocent person due to errors in the legal process, such as improper evidence, procedural mistakes, or bias. In contrast, an exoneration occurs when an individual who was previously convicted is officially declared innocent, often as a result of new evidence, appeals, or legal reviews that demonstrate their wrongful conviction. Essentially, while a miscarriage of justice signifies the wrongful conviction itself, exoneration is the process of correcting that mistake.