How were scientists and astronauts able to test the characteristics of the Moon?

Scientists and astronauts tested the characteristics of the Moon primarily through the Apollo missions, where astronauts conducted surface explorations, collected rock and soil samples, and deployed scientific instruments. They used tools like seismometers to measure moonquakes and other geophysical properties. Additionally, remote sensing technologies, such as lunar orbiters, provided detailed imaging and data about the Moon's surface composition and topography. The analysis of these samples and data has greatly advanced our understanding of the Moon's geology and history.