How can a government prevent people from emigrating?

A government can prevent people from emigrating by implementing strict Immigration laws and exit controls, requiring permits or exit visas for citizens wishing to leave the country. Additionally, it may impose financial penalties, restrict access to passports, or enhance surveillance at borders to deter emigration. Propaganda and information control can also be used to discourage emigration by promoting the benefits of staying within the country. Finally, economic incentives or coercive measures may be employed to keep citizens from seeking opportunities abroad.