What adaptation of a tree help it survive?

The primary mechanism is the coniferous / deciduous divide.

The leaves of conifers are thin, tough spines able to withstand deep frost, and the trees' geometry help shed snow from the leaves.

Deciduous trees shed their more delicate leaves and essentially shut down for Winter.

In both, the bark insulates the living part of the wood from cold.

Specific trees then have their own adaptations to survive their native environments - from desert to tundra. This means they may not thrive, or may not even survive, if transplanted to a very different climate.

One of the most benign place for trees in any part of the world is the temperate British Isles, largely thanks to comparatively mild Winters, but although very many exotic trees will grow here, their more tropical species cannot fruit.