What neurogenic factors increase heart rate and breathing rate during exercise?

During exercise, the sympathetic nervous system is activated, leading to the release of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, which increases heart rate and enhances the force of cardiac contractions. Additionally, the brain's motor cortex and limbic system stimulate the respiratory centers in the brainstem, increasing breathing rate to meet the heightened oxygen demands of the body. These neurogenic factors work together to prepare the cardiovascular and respiratory systems for physical activity.