Why did Europeans turn to overseas expansion?

Europeans turned to overseas expansion in search of new trade routes, resources, and markets, particularly for valuable commodities like spices, gold, and sugar. The desire for wealth and economic gain was fueled by competition among emerging nation-states and the need to assert dominance. Additionally, technological advancements in navigation and shipbuilding made long voyages more feasible, while religious motivations, particularly the spread of Christianity, also played a significant role in driving exploration.