What are examples of argumentum and hominem?

Argumentum ad hominem refers to a fallacy where an argument is rebutted by attacking the character or circumstances of the individual making it, rather than addressing the argument itself. For example, dismissing a scientist's climate change research by pointing out their lack of a formal education instead of discussing the evidence they present is an ad hominem attack. Conversely, "argumentum" can refer to various forms of argumentation; however, it is often used in contexts like "argumentum ad populum," which appeals to popular opinion rather than factual evidence. Both fallacies divert attention from the argument's validity.