When loaded with number 4 buckshot the 12 gauge shotgun has a practical maximum effective range?

When loaded with number 4 buckshot, the 12-gauge shotgun has a practical maximum effective range of approximately 25 to 50 yards. Beyond this distance, the spread of the shot and the reduced energy make it less effective for reliable hits on target. While it can still be used at longer ranges, accuracy and stopping power diminish significantly. This makes it well-suited for close to mid-range applications, particularly in self-defense or hunting scenariOS.