How have restrictive covenants been used in segregation?

Restrictive covenants have been used as legal tools to enforce racial segregation in housing by prohibiting property owners from selling or renting to individuals of certain races, ethnicities, or religions. These clauses were commonly included in property deeds and neighborhood agreements, effectively limiting access to housing for marginalized groups, particularly African Americans. Although the Supreme Court ruled in 1948 that racially restrictive covenants were unenforceable, their legacy has contributed to lasting segregation and disparities in wealth and opportunity in many communities.