What are 2 characteristics that affect the temperature of a planet?

Distance from the Sun (for star systems not our own, distance from the primary star(s)) the closer to a star the more energy reaches the planet.

Atmospheric composition - how much energy gets to the surface and how much is trapped in.

Terrestrial composition; what the solid stuff is made of and how it reacts with stellar/solar energies. Some things reflect light back, others absorb the energy and radiate it back as heat.

Also, for planets not around the Sun, the size and energy output (heat) of the star(s) would be factored in. :P