Who discovered the surface of the Ines was noxious and hot?

The discovery that the surface of Venus is noxious and hot was made by the Soviet Venera missions, particularly Venera 7, which successfully transmitted data back to Earth in 1970. These missions revealed that Venus has extreme temperatures and a thick, toxic atmosphere primarily composed of carbon dioxide, with clouds of sulfuric acid. The findings were pivotal in understanding the planet's harsh conditions.