What causes thrust in a hummingbird?

Thrust in a hummingbird is primarily generated by its rapid wing beats, which can reach up to 80 times per second. The unique structure of their wings allows for a figure-eight motion, enabling them to generate lift both during the upstroke and downstroke. This efficient wing movement, combined with their lightweight body and powerful flight muscles, allows hummingbirds to hover and maneuver skillfully in mid-air while feeding on nectar.