How did ion working spread in Africa?

Ironworking spread in Africa through a combination of indigenous innovation and contact with outside cultures. It is believed that techniques for smelting iron were developed independently in various regions, particularly in West Africa, around the first millennium BCE. Trade networks facilitated the exchange of iron goods, tools, and knowledge, while migrations of skilled metalworkers further disseminated ironworking techniques across the continent. This technological advancement significantly impacted agricultural practices, warfare, and societal development.