When was stud link chain invented?

According to the British Museum/BBC.

As the size of ships increased hemp rope anchor cables were not strong enough, and in hot climates the fumes from wet and contaminated rope caused much sickness and even death. In 1808 Samuel Brown, a Naval Lieutenant,

fitted out a Navy vessel, the 'Penelope' with chain anchor cables and rigging and sailed her to the West Indies to prove the superiority of iron chain. In 1818 he and his cousin Samuel Lenox

established a chainworks

at Pontypridd.

Their chains were made much stronger by the invention of the stud, patented in 1819 by Brown and Philip Thomas, foreman of the chain-shop.

Brown Lenox

made all the Royal Navy's anchor chains until 1916, as well as chain for great liners such as the Mauretania

and Aquitania,

and the launching chain for the Great Eastern shown in the famous photograph of I.K.

Brunel.

The last liner equipped with chain made at Pontypridd

was the QE2; but this type of chain is still used by ships all over the world. BBC