How did class divisions in Europe change during the nineteenth century?

During the nineteenth century, class divisions in Europe underwent significant transformations due to the Industrial Revolution, urbanization, and political changes. The rise of industrial capitalism led to the emergence of a wealthy industrial middle class, while a growing working class faced challenging labor conditions in factories. Additionally, political movements and ideologies, such as socialism and liberalism, began to challenge traditional aristocratic privileges and promote greater social equality. These shifts contributed to the gradual erosion of rigid class structures and the rise of more fluid social dynamics.