What is the Columbian exchange and the impacts?

The Columbian Exchange refers to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, cultures, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) following Christopher Columbus's voyages in the late 15th century. This exchange had profound impacts, including the introduction of new crops like potatoes and maize to Europe, which boosted agricultural productivity and population growth. Conversely, the exchange also facilitated the spread of diseases such as smallpox to the Americas, leading to significant indigenous population declines. Overall, the Columbian Exchange reshaped diets, economies, and ecosystems across continents.