What are some ways externalities can be solved without government intervention?

Externalities can be addressed through private negotiation between affected parties, often referred to as the Coase Theorem, where they can reach mutually beneficial agreements. Additionally, establishing property rights can help define ownership and incentivize parties to negotiate solutions that mitigate negative externalities. Community-based initiatives, such as social norms and local agreements, can also facilitate cooperation among individuals to address externalities collaboratively. Lastly, market-based solutions like tradable permits can allow for flexible and efficient allocation of resources to reduce external impacts.