The four types of papillae on the tongue are filiform, fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate. Filiform papillae are the most numerous and provide texture but do not contain taste buds. Fungiform papillae are mushroom-shaped and contain taste buds, primarily located on the tip and sides of the tongue. Circumvallate papillae are larger and arranged in a V-shape at the back of the tongue, also containing taste buds, while foliate papillae are found on the sides and contain taste buds as well, but are less prominent in humans.
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