How were woman excluded from the political process?

Women were systematically excluded from the political process through a combination of legal, social, and cultural barriers. Legally, many countries denied women the right to vote or hold office, often citing their supposed lack of capacity for political decision-making. Socially, prevailing gender norms relegated women to domestic roles, discouraging their participation in public life. This exclusion was reinforced by cultural narratives that portrayed political engagement as a male domain, further entrenching women's marginalization in the political arena.