What are the major differences between observation experimentation and modeling?

Observation involves systematically watching and recording phenomena to gather data without manipulating variables, primarily used to identify patterns or generate hypotheses. Experimentation, on the other hand, involves actively manipulating one or more variables to determine their effects on other variables, allowing for causal inferences. Modeling uses mathematical or computational representations to simulate and analyze complex systems, enabling predictions based on theoretical frameworks or empirical data. While observation and experimentation focus on empirical data collection and causal relationships, modeling emphasizes abstraction and simulation to understand and predict system behavior.