What were considered citizens in medieval Europe?

In medieval Europe, citizenship was primarily associated with urban dwellers, particularly those living in towns and cities, where individuals could gain certain legal rights and privileges. Citizens typically held a defined status that granted them participation in local governance, trade, and protection under the law. This status was often reserved for free men, excluding peasants, serfs, and women, who had limited rights. The criteria for citizenship varied by region and included factors such as property ownership, residency, and social standing.