How a 12v adapter work?

A 12V adapter, commonly used to convert alternating current (AC) from a wall outlet into direct current (DC) at a stable 12 volts, operates through a transformer and rectification process. The transformer steps down the voltage to a lower AC level, which is then rectified using diodes to convert it into DC. Capacitors may be used to smooth out the output voltage, ensuring a consistent power supply for devices. Finally, the adapter typically includes safety features like fuses or circuit breakers to protect against overloads.