How many slaves in total died on the middle passage?

Estimates suggest that approximately 1.2 to 2.4 million enslaved Africans died during the Middle Passage, the transatlantic journey to the Americas. This figure represents about 15-25% of the total number of enslaved individuals transported. Conditions on the ships were horrific, leading to high mortality rates due to disease, malnutrition, and abuse. The exact number is difficult to ascertain due to incomplete historical records.