Why did John Calhoun denounce protective tariffs in 1828?

John Calhoun denounced the protective tariffs of 1828, particularly the Tariff of Abominations, because he believed they disproportionately benefited Northern industrial interests at the expense of Southern economies. He argued that the tariffs raised the cost of goods for Southern consumers and threatened the agricultural economy reliant on exports. Calhoun also viewed the tariffs as an overreach of federal power, which could lead to disunion and undermine states' rights. His opposition was rooted in a broader defense of Southern interests and a desire to protect the region's economic stability.