How does solar energy interact with the layers of semi conducting photovoltaic cell and ultimately moves electrons through a circuit to do electricity work of some kind?

When sunlight hits the semiconductor material in a photovoltaic cell, it excites electrons, allowing them to move and create an electric current. The semiconductor layers in the cell are designed to facilitate this movement of electrons through the circuit, generating electricity. This process is known as the photovoltaic effect and is what enables solar cells to convert sunlight into usable electrical energy.