What is the cause of agency problem by managers?

The agency problem arises when there is a conflict of interest between managers (agents) and shareholders (principals). Managers may prioritize their own goals, such as job security, personal perks, or short-term profits, over the long-term interests of the shareholders. This misalignment can lead to decisions that do not maximize shareholder value, as managers might engage in risk-averse behavior or pursue projects that enhance their power rather than profitability. Effective governance mechanisms, such as performance-based incentives and oversight, are essential to mitigate these conflicts.