What did the Chinese thought the Europeans were what?

The Chinese historically viewed Europeans with a sense of curiOSity and skepticism, often seeing them as traders and missionaries seeking profit and conversion rather than as equals. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Europeans were often perceived as barbaric compared to Chinese civilization, which they considered superior. This belief was reinforced by the cultural and technological advancements of China at the time, leading to a complex mix of intrigue and disdain towards European powers.