How many people died during the whole period of slave trade?

Estimates suggest that approximately 12 million Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade, with around 1.8 to 2 million dying during the journey itself due to brutal conditions, disease, and malnutrition. The total death toll, including those who perished before reaching the ships or in the aftermath of enslavement, is difficult to determine, but some estimates suggest that millions more may have died as a result of violence and the destabilization of their communities. Overall, the impact of the slave trade led to profound loss of life and suffering across generations.