What causes the stress and forces to which a ship is exposed and state what the ship officer can do to avoid damage caused by vertical sheer and longitudinal bending?

A ship is exposed to stress and forces primarily due to waves, wind, cargo loads, and the ship's own weight, leading to vertical shear and longitudinal bending. To mitigate damage, a ship officer can ensure proper loading and securing of cargo to maintain balanced weight distribution, monitor weather conditions to avoid rough seas, and follow established navigational protocols. Additionally, performing regular inspections and maintenance on the hull and structural components helps identify and address potential weaknesses. Implementing these measures can significantly reduce the risk of structural damage during operations.