Is a man's or womens body more resistant to damage and pain if your body is strong with muscle compared to someone who does not work out?

Regarding the damage , yes those who workout are more resistant to tissue damages than those don't work out.

regarding the pain, every person have a specific pain threshold, so the higher your pain threshold means the higher your pain resistance, and one of the things that workout does is releasing of Endorphins and catecholamines which both acts an endogenous pain killers and increases your pain threshold

so in general work our does make you more resistant to pain and damage.