Under Hosni Mubarak's presidency, which lasted from 1981 to 2011, Egypt experienced a period of economic growth, particularly in the mid-2000s. The average annual growth rate during this time was around 5-7%, driven by reforms in the private sector, increased foreign investment, and tourism. However, this growth was often criticized for being uneven, with significant disparities in wealth and persistent poverty despite the overall economic expansion. Additionally, the benefits of growth were not evenly distributed, leading to social unrest that contributed to the 2011 uprising.
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