What are the ten principles of organization by urwick?

Lyndall Urwick identified ten principles of organization that guide effective management and organizational structure. These principles are:

1. Unity of Purpose - Ensuring that all activities are directed towards common goals.
2. Unity of Command - Each employee should report to only one superior.
3. Span of Control - Managers should have a manageable number of direct reports.
4. Division of Work - Specialization enhances efficiency and productivity.
5. Co-ordination - Activities must be harmonized across different departments.
6. Authority and Responsibility - Authority should match responsibility for effective management.
7. Delegation - Empowering subordinates to take on responsibilities.
8. Flexibility - Organizations should adapt to changes in the environment.
9. Staffing - Employing the right people for the right roles.
10. Continuity - Ensuring stability and consistency in operations.

These principles aim to create effective and efficient organizational structures.