Which country has won the most medals in the Olympics without winning a gold medal?

There are many countries that have never won a single medal. But if we were to consider the size of a country--which would represent the *possible* medals that could be won--and tally that with the medals actually won by that country, then India is by far the biggest loser in the history of Olympics. The only country more populated than India, China, fares very well at the games. This is because China has espoused a nationally respected culture of sports where athletes are trained from a young age and nurtured until they become winners (and then discarded in their 20s when they're too "old", but that's a separate story). Why India has been unable to make this happen is a good research question.