Why historically has the level of fdi in japan been so low?

Historically, foreign direct investment (FDI) in Japan has been low due to several factors, including its strong domestic market, a preference for local partnerships, and regulatory barriers that favored local companies. Japan's unique business culture and practices, such as keiretsu relationships, also made it difficult for foreign firms to penetrate the market. Additionally, concerns over intellectual property protection and a lack of transparency in business operations further discouraged foreign investment. These elements combined to create a challenging environment for foreign investors.