How industries can pollute river and sea water?

Industries can pollute river and sea water through the discharge of untreated wastewater, which often contains harmful chemicals, heavy metals, and toxins. Additionally, industrial runoff from factories can carry pollutants into nearby water bodies during rain events. Oil spills and leaks from shipping activities and offshore drilling also contribute significantly to marine pollution. Lastly, improper disposal of hazardous materials and solid waste can lead to contamination of both freshwater and marine ecosystems.