Was the concordat of worms a cause or effect of the power struggles between popes and rulers?

The Concordat of Worms, established in 1122, was primarily an effect of the power struggles between popes and rulers, particularly the conflict over investiture. This agreement resolved the Investiture Controversy by distinguishing the spiritual authority of the pope from the secular authority of the emperor, thereby limiting the power of secular rulers in appointing church officials. It represented a compromise after years of conflict, highlighting the ongoing struggle for power and influence between the papacy and monarchy.