How do different types of seismic waves affect the rocks through which they travel?

Seismic waves travel through rocks in various ways, primarily categorized as primary (P) waves, secondary (S) waves, and surface waves. P waves are compressional waves that compress and expand the material, causing it to move back and forth in the direction of wave propagation, which can lead to elastic deformation. S waves, being shear waves, move rocks perpendicular to their direction of travel, causing more complex movements and often resulting in shear stress that can lead to fractures or faults. Surface waves, which travel along the Earth's surface, typically cause the most damage, generating rolling or swaying motions that can significantly weaken structures and disturb the ground.