What are states city-states and nation-states?

States are political entities with defined territories and governments that exercise sovereignty over their affairs. City-states are a specific type of state that consists of a single city and its surrounding territory, functioning independently, often with its own political and economic systems. Nation-states are a form of state where the political entity aligns closely with a specific nation or cultural group, emphasizing a shared identity among its citizens. While all city-states and nation-states are types of states, their characteristics and governance structures vary significantly.