How do you calculate inbreeding coefficient?

The inbreeding coefficient (F) can be calculated using several methods, the most common being the pedigree method. This involves tracing the ancestry of an individual and identifying the genes inherited from common ancestors. The formula for calculating F is: F = Σ (1/2)^n, where n is the number of generations to a common ancestor. Alternatively, software tools like PLINK or pedigree analysis software can automate this calculation for complex pedigrees.