The period from the Council of Trent (1545-1563) to the end of the Thirty Years' War (1648) is often referred to as the "Catholic Reformation" or "Counter-Reformation." This era was marked by significant efforts within the Catholic Church to address issues raised by the Protestant Reformation, leading to substantial reforms in church practices, theology, and governance. The Thirty Years' War, a devastating conflict primarily in Central Europe, further shaped religious and political landscapes, culminating in the Peace of Westphalia, which established a new order based on state sovereignty and religious coexistence.
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