In the time period that The Scarlet Letter takes place, Puritans dominated the New World. Puritans practice very strict religion--they believe that God has chosen who will go to Heaven and Hell from before birth (predestination), and that the only way to ascend to Heaven is to be the best person you can be. Some even believe that smiling is a sin. Hester commits an act that for this time period was as serious as murder: adultery. She sins with a man she is not married to (although, to be fair, she thought her husband was dead) and so in her peers' eyes she must be punished greatly. The scarlet letter is a symbol of shame--it tells everyone who sees it that she is a sinner, an adulterer, a person to be ridiculed and scorned. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter as a story of guilt and shame, and how they affect people. He intended the purpose of Hester Prynne's punishment to have three effects: one, to personify her guilt towards herself, two, to show how that guilt can be responded to when faced, and three, to express how often guilt can rip people apart from the inside.
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