What are the ingredients for solar panels?

Approximately 90 % of the global market share is covered by so called crystalline modules, whilst the rest is covered by thin film modules. This answer is about crystalline modules.

Crystalline modules (solar panels) are made by laminating solar cells in a sandwich of glass, polymer (typically EVA) and a back sheet (typically another polymer, such as Tedlar). The sandwich is thereafter mounted in an aluminum frame, and a junction box made of plastics and containing electronics is attached.

The solar cell is made by purified silicon, which is doped with electronic dopants. Purified silicon is originally made from sand.